Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv kev tsim valve thiab xaiv cov khoom siv yog qhov kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm lub valve. Txhawm rau kom tus qauv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub valve, qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub valve siv nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws petrochemical, tshuaj, chiv, hluav taws xob thiab metallurgical industries los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. ntau hom valve steel thiab alloy qib thiab lwm yam Cov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb cov cai rau kev tsim, tsim thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom valve. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tswj hwm, kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom thiab kev yuav khoom, txhua hom hlau yuav tsum tau xaiv nrog kev ua tau zoo, thiab nws tsis tsim nyog siv ntau qib steel thiab qib alloy los tiv thaiv kev tsis meej pem.
1 Txheej txheem cej luam
Ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv kev tsim valve thiab xaiv cov khoom siv yog qhov kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm lub valve. Txhawm rau kom tus qauv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub valve, qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub valve siv nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws petrochemical, tshuaj, chiv, hluav taws xob thiab metallurgical industries los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. ntau hom valve steel thiab alloy qib thiab lwm yam Cov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb cov cai rau kev tsim, tsim thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom valve. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tswj hwm, kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom thiab kev yuav khoom, txhua hom hlau yuav tsum tau xaiv nrog kev ua tau zoo, thiab nws tsis tsim nyog siv ntau qib steel thiab qib alloy los tiv thaiv kev tsis meej pem.
Tsawg kub tej yam kev mob
2.1 Cryogenic valve khoom
Ultra-low kub li qub [-254 (kua hydrogen) ~ -101 degree C (ethylene)] Cov khoom tseem ceeb yuav tsum yog austenitic stainless hlau, tooj liab alloy lossis aluminium alloy nrog lub ntsej muag-centered cubic lattice. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis qis tom qab kev kho cua sov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov kub thiab txias cuam tshuam Toughness yuav tsum ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm tus qauv.
Cov nram qab no austenitic stainless hlau tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov li qub cryogenic. ASTM A351 CF8M, CF3M, CF8 thiab CF3, ASTM A182 F316, F316L, F304 thiab F304L, ASTM A433 316, 316L, 304, 304L thiab CF8D (tsim los ntawm Lanzhou Factory High Pressure code{101} 15}}). Lub cev lub cev, lub kaus mom, lub rooj vag lossis disc ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tsis tshua muaj siab yuav tsum tau kho kom sov hauv cov kua nitrogen ({17}} degree) ua ntej ua tiav.
2.2 Cryogenic valve khoom
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau qhov ntsuas kub qis (-100--30 degree ) suav nrog qhov kub thiab txias austenitic stainless hlau thiab ferritic thiab martensitic hlau rau qhov kub thiab txias siab-cov kabmob.
Austenitic stainless hlau rau kub tsis tshua muaj xws li ASTM A351 CF8M, CF3M, CF8 thiab CF3, ASTM A182 F316, F316L, F304 thiab F304L, ASTM A433 316, 316L, 304, 304L thiab CF8
Ferritic thiab martensitic steels rau qhov kub siab tsis tshua muaj xws li ASTM A352 LCA (-32 degree), LCB, LCC (-46 degree), LC1 (-59 degree), LC2, LC211 ({{ 7}} degree ) thiab LC3 ( -100 degree ).
Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv ASTM A352 tus qauv yog qis, tab sis cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab nruj heev hauv lub Hoobkas tswj cov txheej txheem thaum smelting. Nws cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov yog qhov nyuaj, thiab nws xav tau ntau yam kev kho mob quenching thiab tempering kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam toughness xav tau los ntawm tus qauv, thiab lub voj voog ntau lawm ntev. Thaum qhov kub tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam toughness tsis tau raws li tus qauv yuav tsum tau, nws tsis raug tso cai siv los ua cov hlau tsis tshua muaj kub. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog siv thaum lub batch ntau lawm loj thiab yuav smelted rau hauv lub cub tawg, thiab austenitic stainless hlau feem ntau yog siv.
3. Tsis-corrosive ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob
Thaum ua haujlwm nruab nrab ntawm lub valve yog cov khoom tsis muaj corrosive xws li dej, chav, cua thiab roj, carbon steel feem ntau yog siv. Carbon steel rau li qub yog hais txog WCB, WCC cam khwb cia hlau thiab ASTM A105 forged steel hauv ASTM A216 tus qauv. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm carbon steel rau li qub yog -29-425 degree . Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau muaj kev nyab xeeb, xav tias qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov nruab nrab yuav hloov pauv, qhov kev pabcuam kub ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 400 degree.
4. Corrosion tej yam kev mob
4.1 Chromium-molybdenum kub hlau
Cr-Mo high-temperature cam khwb cia hlau siv rau lub valve feem ntau siv WC6, WC9 thiab C5 (ZG1Cr5Mo) hauv ASTM A217 tus qauv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib xws yog F11, F22 thiab F5 hauv ASTM A182 raws.
⑴ Tsawg chromium qib chromium-molybdenum steel
Tsawg chromium qib chromium-molybdenum steels suav nrog WC6, WC9, F11 thiab F22. Qhov nruab nrab siv tau ua haujlwm yog dej, chav dej thiab hydrogen, thiab nws tsis haum rau cov khoom siv roj uas muaj leej faj. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm WC6 thiab F11 yog -29-540 degree, thiab qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm WC9 thiab F22 yog -29-570 degree .
⑵ Chromium tsib molybdenum kub hlau
Chromium tsib-molybdenum high-temperature steel muaj C5 (ZG1Cr5Mo) thiab F5, thiab nws cov khoom siv nruab nrab yog dej, chav, hydrogen thiab sulfur-muaj roj, thiab lwm yam.
Yog tias C5 (ZG1Cr5Mo) siv rau dej vapor, nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub yog 600 degree. Thaum siv hauv kev tshaj tawm ua haujlwm xws li cov roj uas muaj leej faj, qhov siab tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub yog 550 degree. Yog li, nws tau teev tseg tias kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm C5 (ZG1Cr5Mo) tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 550 degree .
4.2 Stainless acid-resistant hlau
Stainless acid-resistant steel yog hais txog chromium-nickel los yog chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless acid-resistant steel siv nyob rau hauv petrochemical, tshuaj, thiab chiv industries rau corrosion kuj xws li nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid thiab organic acids. Cov stainless thiab acid-resistant cam khwb cia hlau feem ntau yog siv CF8, CF8M, CF3, CF3M, CF8C, CD-4MCu thiab CN7M hauv ASTM A743 lossis ASTM A744 tus qauv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib xws yog F304, F316, F304L hauv ASTM A182 tus qauv, F316L, F347, F53 thiab US UNS N08020.
⑴Cr-Ni stainless hlau
Cr-Ni stainless thiab acid-resistant steels muaj xws li CF8, CF3, F304, F304L, CF8C thiab F347, uas yog haum rau oxidizing acids xws li nitric acid ua haujlwm nruab nrab. Nws qhov siab tshaj plaws ua haujlwm kub yog Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 200 degree.
⑵Cr-Ni-Mo stainless hlau
Cr-Ni-Mo stainless thiab acid-resistant steels muaj xws li CF8M, CF3M, F316 thiab F316L, uas yog haum rau txo cov acids xws li acetic acid raws li qhov nruab nrab ua hauj lwm.
CF8M, CF3M, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem hloov CF8 thiab CF3, tab sis CF8 thiab CF3 tsis tuaj yeem hloov CF8M thiab CF3M. Yog li ntawd, stainless thiab acid-resistant steel li qub nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab lwm lub teb chaws tsuas yog siv CF8M thiab CF3M, thiab lawv qhov siab tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm kub yog tsawg dua los yog sib npaug zos rau 200 degree.
⑶ CN7M alloy
CN7M alloy muaj tag nrho cov corrosion kuj zoo, nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv hnyav corrosion tej yam kev mob, xws li sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid thiab dilute hydrochloric acid, caustic alkali, seawater thiab kub chloride ntsev tov, thiab lwm yam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid nrog ntau yam concentrations thiab kub nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 70 degree . Qhov kev pabcuam kub ntawm CN7M thiab UNS N08020 alloy yog -29-450 degree .
⑷ Duplex stainless hlau
Duplex stainless hlau (Table 1) yog nag lossis daus hardening stainless hlau, uas muaj 35% mus rau 40% austenite hauv ferrite matrix, thiab nws lub zog tawm los yog li 2 npaug ntawm 19Cr-9Ni austenitic stainless hlau. Lub sij hawm, thiab muaj siab hardness thiab zoo plasticity thiab cuam tshuam toughness. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau siv nyob rau hauv lub corrosive ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob ntawm ob qho tib si puas thiab yaig, yog li nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv muaj zog acid ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob ntawm oxidation thiab txo, thiab muaj tshwj xeeb kuj rau kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig nrog chlorine. Qhov kev pabcuam kub ntawm CD-4MCu, CD3MN, CE3MN thiab F53 duplex stainless hlau yog -29-316 degree .
4.3 Corrosion-resistant npib tsib xee-raws li alloy
Corrosion-resistant nickel-based alloy li qub feem ntau yog cam khwb cia Monel alloy (M35-1), cam khwb cia nickel alloy (CZ-100), Inconel alloy (CY-40), Hastelloy B (N{ {5}}MV) hauv ASTM A494 tus qauv. , N-7M) thiab Hastelloy C (CW-12MW, CW-7M, CW-6MC, CW-2M).
Monel alloy dov cov ntaub ntawv siv rau corrosion-resistant Monel alloy li qub yog UNS N04400 (Monel 400) thiab UNS N05500 (Monel K500). Tsis muaj cov khoom siv sib txuas rau cam khwb cia npib tsib xee alloy, thiab cov khoom dov ntawm Inconel alloy yog Inconel 600 thiab Inconel 625, thiab lwm yam.
⑴ Monel
Monel alloy (Monel) muaj lub zog siab thiab tawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev los txo cov kua qaub thiab muaj zog alkali nruab nrab thiab dej hiav txwv. Yog li ntawd, nws feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv thiab cov li qub rau kev xa cov hydrofluoric acid, brine, nruab nrab nruab nrab, alkali ntsev thiab txo cov kua qaub, thiab tseem tsim nyog rau cov roj chlorine qhuav, hydrogen chloride gas, 425 degree kub chlorine gas thiab 450 degree siab. kub hydrogen chloride gas, thiab lwm yam nruab nrab, tab sis tsis resistant rau corrosion ntawm sulfur-muaj xov xwm thiab oxidizing media (xws li nitric acid thiab media nrog cov ntsiab lus siab oxygen). Cov ntaub ntawv code ntawm lub valve yog Monel alloy tag nrho, lub npe code ntawm lub valve khoom yog Monel alloy, code lub npe ntawm lub valve khoom yog C / M thaum lub plhaub yog carbon steel, thiab code lub npe ntawm lub valve khoom. yog P/M thaum lub plhaub yog CF8. Thaum lub cev yog CF8M, cov khoom siv valve yog R / M. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm Monel alloy M35-1, Monel 400 thiab Monel K500 alloy yog -29-480 degree .
⑵ Cast Nickel Alloy
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cam khwb cia npib tsib xee alloy (CZ-100) yog 95% Ni thiab 1.00%C, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv dov sib xws. Thaum CZ-100 siv rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, siab concentration lossis anhydrous alkali kua, nws muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev. CZ-100 feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj chlor-alkali nrog siab corrosive concentration (xws li molten anhydrous caustic soda) thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas cov hlau xws li tooj liab thiab hlau tsis tuaj yeem paug cov khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv code ntawm cam khwb cia npib tsib xee alloy CZ-100 valve yog Ni. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm CZ-100 alloy yog -29-316 degree .
⑶ Inconel alloy
Inconel alloy (Inconel) CY-40 thiab Inconel 600 (ASTM B564 N06600) feem ntau yog siv rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau high-concentration chloride nruab nrab. Thaum cov ntsiab lus Ni ntau dua los yog sib npaug li 45%, nws muaj qhov muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj chloride kev nyuaj siab corrosion "Immunity" nyhuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm boiling concentrated nitric acid, fuming nitric acid, high-temperature gas uas muaj sulfur thiab vanadium, thiab combustion khoom.
Inconel alloy tau siv dav hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv rau boiler pub dej hauv cov nroj tsuag nuclear vim tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li cov hlau tsis muaj steel. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tseem tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom lag luam uas yuav tsum tau muaj lub zog siab, siab sealing, siab corrosion kuj, thiab tsis kam rau txhua yam hnav thiab oxidation ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, lub tuam txhab loj tshuaj chiv siv Inconel 600 los yog Inconel 625 alloy (cov khoom dov qib ntawm Hastelloy CW-6MC) los tsim high-pressure (600-1500 LB) high-concentration oxygen li qub, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv code ntawm CY-40 thiab Inconel 600 alloy li qub yog nyob rau hauv. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub yog -29 ~ 650 degree .
⑷ Hastelloy
Hastelloy (Hastelloy) yog lub npe lag luam, uas suav nrog cov qib ntawm cov qib alloy, feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom siv tiv thaiv corrosion yog Hastelloy B (Hastelloy B) thiab Hastelloy C (Hastelloy C).
Cov qhab nia ntawm Hastelloy B (Hastelloy B) yog N-12MV (N-12M-1) thiab N-7M hauv ASTMA494 tus qauv (qee yam khoom hu ua N-12M-2, tseem hu ua Chlorimet2 alloy ), thiab nws qib dov yog UNS N10665 hauv ASTM B335 tus qauv. Hastelloy B yog resistant rau ntau yam concentrations ntawm hydrochloric acid, thiab kuj yog resistant rau non-oxidizing ntsev thiab acids. Rau corrosion-resistant li qub ntawm Hastelloy B, tsawg-carbon Hastelloy B (N{13}}M) yuav tsum tau xaiv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm corrosion kuj thiab intergranular corrosion kuj. Cov khoom siv ntawm Hastelloy alloy tsis muaj kev cai hauv kev lag luam valve. Cov khoom siv ntawm Hastelloy B valve tuaj yeem qhia ncaj qha los ntawm nws qib cam khwb cia hlau. Qhov tsim nyog ua haujlwm kub ntawm Hastelloy B yog -29 degree -425 degree .
Cov qhab nias ntawm Hastelloy C (Hastelloy C) yog CW-12MW (qee yam khoom hu ua CW-12M-1) thiab CW-7M (CW{{4}) }}M-2, tseem hu ua Chlorimet3 alloy) thiab Hastelloy C -276 alloy, nws casting alloy qib yog CW-6MC thiab Hastelloy C-4 alloy, nws casting alloy qib yog CW-2M. Cast Hastelloy CW-7M, CW-12MW, CW-6MC thiab CW-2M sib raug rau cov qhab nia UNS N10001, UNS N10003, UNS N10276 thiab UNS N06455 raws. Hastelloy C yog corrosion-resistant rau oxidizing cov kuab tshuaj, tsis tshua muaj concentration hydrochloric acid thiab nitric acid nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub.
4.4 titanium alloy
Titanium (Ti) muaj lub zog siab, lub teeb yuag, txaus siab ua haujlwm kub thiab tsis kub kub, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm vuam. Nws yog tsuas yog siv rau casting ntshiab titanium thiab forging ntshiab titanium ZTA2 nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov li qub.
Titanium nthuav tawm corrosion kuj, tsis-corrosion kuj los yog txawm hluav taws thiab tawg rau corrosive xov xwm vim txawv kev ua hauj lwm xws li kub. Yog li ntawd, qhov xwm (concentration, kub, thiab lwm yam) ntawm nruab nrab siv yuav tsum tau qhia meej meej thaum txiav txim thiab tsim.
Titanium li qub muaj qhov zoo heev corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam oxidizing, heev corrosive thiab nruab nrab xov xwm.
Titanium muaj corrosion kuj zoo heev nyob rau hauv nitric acid hauv qab lub boiling point thiab concentration tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 80%. Hauv fuming nitric acid, thaum NO2 cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 2% thiab cov ntsiab lus dej tsis txaus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm titanium thiab fuming nitric acid yuav tawg. Yog li ntawd, titanium feem ntau tsis siv nyob rau hauv high-kub nitric acid nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tshaj 80%.
Titanium tsis yog corrosion resistant nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, thiab titanium muaj nruab nrab corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv hydrochloric acid. Nws yog feem ntau ntseeg hais tias muaj ntshiab titanium yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv hydrochloric acid nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 7.5% ntawm chav tsev kub, 3% ntawm 6 0 degree, thiab 0.5% ntawm 100 degree. Titanium kuj tseem siv tau ntawm 30% ntawm 35 degree, 10% ntawm 60 degree thiab 100% ntawm 60 degree. Hauv 3% phosphoric acid ntawm degree.